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Causes & Mechanisms
Causes & Mechanisms
Autoimmune and Infectious Contributors to Depression
Cerebrovascular Disease and Vascular Depression
Chronic Stress and Allostatic Load in Depression
Default Mode Network and Circuit Dysfunction
Early-Life Adversity and Developmental Programming in Depression
Genetics, Epigenetics, and Gene-Environment Interaction in Depression
Glutamatergic Dysfunction and Excitotoxicity in Depression
Hormonal Disturbances as a Driver of Depressive Symptoms
HPA-Axis Dysregulation in Depression
Inflammation as a Driver of Depression
Medication- and Substance-Induced Depression
Metabolic Dysfunction as a Driver of Depressive Symptoms
Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Driver of Depressive Symptoms
Monoaminergic Dysfunction in Depression
Neuroplasticity, BDNF, and Neurotrophic Deficits in Depression
Nutritional Factors and Deficiencies
Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Depression
Reward-Circuit Dysfunction and Anhedonia
Sleep and Circadian Dysregulation
Social and Environmental Determinants
The Gut Microbiome and the Gut-Brain Axis in Depression
The Pathophysiology of Depression (Overview)